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https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0GGX7F68F A Comprehensive Critique of the Catholic Church’s Confessional Secret: Ethical, Social, and Legal Challenge Kindle Edition https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0GRWJCHYK

Key circumstances where secret recording is often legal or defensible for reporting crimes or self-protection: Self-defense or imminent harm — In one-party states, record threats, assaults, or stalking incidents you're involved in to preserve evidence for police reports or lawsuits. Courts may admit such recordings even if borderline, under doctrines like necessity. Reporting crimes — If you're a victim or witness gathering proof of crimes like extortion, fraud, sexual harassment, or abuse,...

In the United States, mandatory reporting laws for crimes (primarily focused on child abuse or neglect) vary by state. Most states recognize some form of clergy-penitent privilege (also called clergy-communicant privilege), which protects confidential communications like those in the sacrament of confession or similar religious rites, allowing clergy to withhold such information even if they are mandatory reporters.However, a small number of states explicitly do not recognize this privilege...